The Need for the AHAH
The Aquatic Ape
Hypothesis has attracted many criticisms some of which are important and
require a considered response.
One of the most commonly heard complaints is that the AAH has not been
put forward in a scientific way. By this, it is suggested that the AAH does
not make testable predictions that can be evaluated scientifically.
It is often claimed that the AAH does not have a clear story line that is
consistent with the timeline of human evolution suggested by the
considerable fossil evidence that is accumulating.
Hardy was really quite vague about time and place for his claimed 'aquatic
phase'. Morgan after La Lumiere was far more precise but no fossils have been
found from the Danakil alps they suggested might have been
the site of early human evolution and Marc Verhaegen has been rather
dismissive of the existing body of African fossil evidence claiming, with
some justification, that fossil sites for coastal hominid ancestors would
almost certainly be submerged today.
It is with these criticisms in
mind that the AHAH was drawn up. Firstly I took a masters degree at UCL in order to try to get into the mind
set of modern paleoanthropologists. |
Aquatic
Hybrid
Ape Hypothesis
-
A
synthesis of a version of the AAH (Aquatic Ape Hypothesis) and Stringer's
Out of Africa II.
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Stresses littoral (coastal), riverside and/or Lakeside habitats and
that human ancestors need not have ever spent very long in water.
No great aquatic phase is needed or postulated.
-
Aims
to hybridise as much of the existing evidence as possible, if
necessary merely reinterpreting it. (e.g. Fossil evidence of hominids in
arid zones in Africa may paradoxically indicate a greater dependence on
water - not less.)
-
Attempts to explain human chromosome reduction from 48 to 46 and rapid
evolution of Homo sapiens since recent proposed speciation event as
a result of a hybridisation of two semi-aquatic hominids: One
marine and one fresh water.
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It is
proposed that an estuarine hybrid zone was the original habitat of H.
sapiens and after language evolved there humans out-competed all other
hominids around the world and could not interbreed with them due to
karyotypic incompatibility.
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savannah origin for humans. It
is my view that both sides of this divide have something to offer and
the AHAH is deliberately inclusive of elements of both.
There are many such
contradictory ideas that can be moulded together as unifying theories with a
bit of thought.
Take for
example the debate about the model of locomotion of Lucy (Australopithecus
afarensis). Two opposing views seem to have emerged: One (championed by
Crompton and others) that she walked like a man the other (promoted by Berge
and others) that she waddled like an ape in a bent-hip bent-knee (BHBK)
mode. Crompton has claimed that BHBK would have been impossible from a
thermoregulatory point of view, Berge that a fully upright posture
would not have been stable enough. However, both models assume that she was
either terrestrial, arboreal or a bit of both. However if we, question that
assumption and, instead, assume that she waded in water both objections
disappear. Another long running dispute that the AHAH might ultimately even
pour some oil over is that between Richard Dawkins and the late Steven J
Gould. |
I was taught many techniques and
methodologies that seemed to be just as applicable to the AAH
and certainly did not argue against it, as seemed to have been assumed.
Consequently the model is built upon lines which are deliberately predictive
in such a way that they can be tested objectively.
Secondly, the model has been constructed so as to be as inclusive as
possible of existing orthodox theories and fossil evidence. It
consequently has a strong timeline - based on the increasingly
accepted 'Out of Africa II' theory and is based very much on neo-Darwinian
natural selection theory, drawing much of it's thinking from the work of
Richard Dawkins.
A hybrid, not a fudge
The model is thus an attempt to draw together the best strands of
existing models as far as it is possible to do so. It does this not as some
kind of 'politically correct' fudge - so as to try to appease critics but in
the logical pursuit of pieces of evidence which suggest that supposedly
contradictory models might actually be more complementary than we have been
led to believe.
Along similar lines, assumptions made in various models are questioned to
see if consequently contradictory models might actually be complementary if
the assumption in question were false. |
Science, and particularly it
seems, anthropology is full of such competing and contradictory theories. My
philosophy has been that so much intelligent thought cannot be wrong.

Natural Selection and Substrate Driven Evolution
An example where a re-interpretation of a good theory is sought after is Aeillo & Wheeler's expensive tissue hypothesis.
They suggests that the driving force of the human's large brain was a kind of
positive feedback loop with high energy food needing to be sought by an ever
increasing brain but being achieved by ever-increasing levels of
intelligence and sophisticated hunting methods. It is, in my
opinion, a very plausible notion - but what if it was catching fish and not
hunting for meat that was the driver?
This kind of idea is very similar to the thinking of people like Michael
Crawford who proposes a complementary mechanism to Darwinian natural
selection called "plastic heredity" where nutrition acts as a driving force
for evolution. The AHAH is consistent with that idea too.
Verhaegen and PAs
Marc Verhaegen and his views are looked upon as rather extreme by many
traditional paleoanthropologists (PAs) and he has been similarly quite
dismissive of those who have promoted a |
Gould has been amongst those
criticised by Dawkins (and especially other pure neo-Darwinists like Daniel
Dennett) for
apparently claiming that evolution often works in distinct leaps. Dawkins
has suggested that this is only a matter of geological timescale. So called
'evolution by jerks' is only rapid when considered over a very long timescale.
However there is another, long overlooked, mechanism in evolution that is
consistent with Dawkins' purest selfish gene model which would provide such
'saltatory' leaps - especially those often proposed to account for humans'
amazingly rapid recent evolution..
This is where the AHAH gets the extra 'H' from - hybridization.
The AHAH is admittedly a "just
so" story. How could it be anything else? I claim that as a story it
fits the fossil and anatomical evidence better than any other currently
promoted and I am committed to revise it as and when new evidence emerges.
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