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The AHAH timescale is largely
based upon the widely accepted multiple (usually two) Out of Africa diaspora
model as promoted by Prof Chris Stringer of the Natural History Museum and
is summarised in the "River Apes" poster.

Out of Africa I
According to this theory the genus Homo originated in or around
Africa before 2 million years ago. There was then a diaspora of hominids
from Africa to Europe and Asia, resulting in the significant fossil finds of
Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis and other 'human-like' people.
There is a great deal of consensus about this part of the model.
Out of Africa II
More controversial is a second diaspora espoused by Stringer. This
suggests that the ancestors of every human alive today was still African even
quite recently - around 250,000 years ago. This idea, backed up by detailed
morphological studies into fossils and especially by the vast bulk of
molecular and genetic data, claims that modern Homo sapiens sapiens
emerged in Africa very late and then exploded out of Africa, completely
replacing all previous ancient human populations that lived there before
them.
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It should be noted that there
is still some controversy about this part of the model and many are
opposed to it on both sides of the AAH debate. 'Aqua-sceptic'
paleoanthropologists include Milton Woolpoff and AAH proponents
who are sceptical about Out of Africa II include Marcel Williams.
But, generally, it is argued here that the AHAH model and
timescale sits on top of Out of Africa (I and II), which is currently a
standard and quite widely accepted idea.
Out of Afar?
The Out of Africa model predicts that the genus Homo arose in Africa around
2.6 mya and then spread to eurasia before a second wave of people, Homo sapiens,
emerged again from Africa, much later, as recently as 100,000ya.
Some of the best evidence for this is the genetic data which
show greater variation between populations of people within Africa than outside.
This is a good indicator that the species origin ated there. Some further studies
using the same kind of logic have suggested that East Africa, and Ethiopia specifically,
are most likely, within Africa, to be the ancestral home of the species. The
AHAH model only takes this idea a little further in speculating that the Homo sapiens
speciation event occurred in the
Afar triangle due to a hybridisation event between two hominin subspecies.
So it is proposed that the
AHAH model is fairly consistent with broadly accepted timescales today. More detail will now be added to this model
much of which, of course, will be viewed as controversial to some. One valid criticism
of this model is that this is
very much a "just so story" and it is not claimed to be anything else. It is merely
contested that this 'just so' story fits the evidence as well as any other
and it is on that basis that it should be judged.
The Hominoid lca -
Phase I
One of the many huge gaps in the fossil record that can still be aptley labelled
the 'missing link' in human evolution is that
for a good candidate for the putative last common ancestor of all the great apes (Hominoidae.)
The AHAH is no wiser than any existing model in this regard and is based
upon Marc Verhaegen (and others') so-called
'aquarboreal model which claims
that the earliest hominids were semi-aquatic wading apes, rather in the
mould of
proboscis monkeys today. The AHAH
phase 1 suggests that these apes |
inhabited mangrove forest
habitats along the Red/Med/Tethys Sea on the Afro-Arabian coasts. It is
proposed that such wading apes lived in small pockets around the Miocene and
that Oreopithecus, an earlier ape not thought to be on the hominid
line was an analogous example of such a species. It is further proposed that the
extensive glacial flooding/desiccation cycles associated with the
Red/Med/Tethys sea in the Miocene ultimately destroyed this population of
ancestral apes.
Phase II
The second phase of the model is perhaps the most speculative.
It proposes that
some of these 'aquarboreal' apes which had migrated in-land along the Rift
valley by 7-8mya became adapted to inland semi-aquatic forest niches
(riverside, lakeside, swamp, river delta etc.) It is proposed that these
were the ancestors of Gorilla and Pan. Others had settled in
the forests around Afar triangle. When this region flooded, around 4mya, it
is proposed that a group of these apes became isolated on several small
volcanic islands and the much larger Danakil island (now Danakil alps). This
process of isolation removed the threat of predators allowing them to come
down from trees and become more terrestrial. It also may have protected them from a
baboon retro-virus which appears to have been very virulent in Africa around
this time. Having greatly depleted food
sources, the survivors were forced to use other sources including coastal
foraging, leading to adaptive pressure for (in temporal order) wading,
swimming and diving.
Phase III
Between 3.5 and 2 mya it is suggested that the African fresh-water wading
apes underwent a major radiation resulting in a diaspora of bipedal (wading)
australopith species across much of Africa.
It is proposed that these were
the ancestors of Gorilla and Pan and that knuckle-walking was
a reversion to quadrupedalism from an earlier, more bipedal, mode. It is suggested
that this would happen as Africa dried and the waterside habitats of
the wading apes
(Phases IV-VII)
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